Machiavelli’S The Prince Was Written During The Early Years

Machiavelli’s The Prince was written during the early years of the sixteenth century and was one of the most profound and controversial pieces of literature to emerge from the Renaissance. The political treatise was written for Lorenzo de Medici in hopes that he would use the principles taught in it to rule in Italy. Machiavelli planned for the piece of literature to impress Medici and hopefully persuade him to give Machiavelli a position within the Italian government, a position that he longed to go back to. The Medici family ultimately never implemented any of Machiavelli’s recommendations, but one could find examples of famous rulers from the past that exemplify Machiavelli’s ideal ruler. The Prince is a timeless piece of literature†¦show more content†¦At the very least, one could say that the books influence spread much farther than the author intended or even expected to. According to Machiavelli, there are four main ways that a prince is able to come to power. The first way to achieve power is through â€Å"prowess†(personal skill and ability). The second way is through fortune, which means good luck. The third way is through corruption; examples would be to attain power through a rebellion, plot, or assassination. The fourth and last way is constitutional, meaning to attain power by support from either the nobles or commoners. The most important comparison to be made between these four ways is between prowess and fortune. Attaining a state through prowess is clearly going to be more difficult than profiting from sheer good fortune, however; a prince that is blessed with prowess is more likely to hold a strong foundation on his rule, whereas a man with fortune is erratic and unpredictable which potentially leads to a prince’s overthrow just as it had to his rise. That being said, preserving a prince’s power is far easier when said prince attained power through his own cleverness. Being that the preservation of power is essential to Machiavelli, he determines that prowess is the better of the two routes for becoming a prince. Another similarity can be made amongst the criminal and constitutional methods of attaining control. The mainShow MoreRelatedEssay about Reflection on Machiavelli919 Words   |  4 PagesMachiavelli was born on May 3, 1469 in Florence, Italy. Florence was considered one of the most dominant Italian power to conquer. It was the main attraction for the renaissances influences. Throughout the years, Machiavellis presence was around the time that both the French and Spanish armies were fighting over the control of Italy. During this time, Italy was falling apart because it was deficient in leadership. Machiavelli served 14 years as Chancellor of Florence before he was exiled in 1513Read MoreAnalysis Of Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince 1625 Words   |  7 PagesThe fifteenth century was a period known as the Renaissance, or the new birth, of many philosophers. One well-known Renaissance thinker, Niccolo Machiavelli, was one of those philosophers whose political views caused an uproar during earlier centuries. His view on effective leadership was rather harsh and not exactly adopted in the Italian society. As a Renaissance citizen, Machiavelli proved his writing skills through a number of works such as short stories, plays, and histories. His more popularRead More Machiavelli Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pagesthought. His most famous work The Prince has been misunderstood due to the motives discussed and the blatantly honest language used. Many of his critics have condemned him for his pessimistic outlook of man as a whole and in doing so try to negate the bulk of his work. Yet even after over 470 years his works are still thought provoking and influential in the political arena. This paper looks at some of the influences that may have created such a man. Machiavelli was born in Florence on May 3, 1469Read MoreMachiavellian Leadership : The Prince1285 Words   |  6 Pagesprinciples brought forth through Nicolà ² Machiavelli in his writing, The Prince, have been quite controversial both on the political forefront and the mainstream of leadership training. Though most people do not know that they are fighting battles over the principles brought about in the writing of Machiavelli. The Prince was written in the years following Machiavelli’s time in the political scene, as secretary of the seigneur, during the republican regime. Since the time these principles were publishedRead MoreEssay on Machiavelli1580 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosopher, despite the many things he introduced to mankind. Machiavelli was born on May 3, 1469 in Florence, Italy. Brought up in a relatively poor family, his parents could not afford to send him to school. Instead, he was educated at home by his mother, a religious poet, and his father, an attorney. Since little is known about his early life, not a lot can be found in references about his childhood and teenage years. It is only known that his family did their best to obtain a respectable andRead MoreEssay about Machiavellis Reputation in the Modern World2985 Words   |  12 PagesMachiavellis Reputation in the Modern World Niccolà ² Machiavelli was known during much his life as a part of the republican government in Florence until 1512. At that time, the Medici family took over the city and ruled under a more monarchical system. From that point until his death in 1527, Machiavelli was always just on the outside of Florentine politics. He would occasionally get work from the Medici but his tasks were never as important as they had been under the republican governmentRead MoreThe Life And Importance Of Machiavelli Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesuseless† (Niccolà ² Quotes). Niccolà ² Machiavelli was one of the greatest influences on our world today. His research and philosophies explored new strategies and ways of thinking. Machiavelli was before his own time and possibly had the utmost influence on the world of any person from the Renaissance. Machiavelli’s life is greatly a part of history as well as his influence and importance. On May 3rd, 1469, in Florence, Italy, Niccolà ² Machiavelli was born. He was known as the originator of modern politicalRead MoreEssay on Machiavelli and the Roman Empire1489 Words   |  6 Pagesin both The Prince and the Discourses on Livy, when followed, will lead to a successful state. In particular, he refers to the Roman Republic a great deal in the Discourses, which are focused around Livys account of Romes history, to demonstrate what about this ancient society was so unique and worthy of repeating in terms of its existence as a republic. In fact, the Roman Republic serves as Machiavellis central example in the work. In The Prince, however, since Machiavelli was more concernedRead MoreMachiavelli Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pagespolitics, and wanted Italy to rise above the rest of the world. Machiavellis writings dealt with many issues that had not been attacked in his time, and utilized his distinct brand of political philosophy to try and change the politics and government that shaped his era. The Prince, regarded as his most controversial and successful work, spelled out a method of amelioration; whether positive or negative, virtuous or severe, a prince was to uphold the strength of a nation and a government. The nextRead MoreEssay on Machiavelli’s The Prince and the Modern Executive1943 Words   |  8 PagesThe Prince and the Modern Executive  Ã‚      Few question The Prince’s place in the canon of western literature. That it marks a turning point in our collective history, the origin of the study of politics as a science (Pollock 43), is alone enough to warrant its classification as a Great Book. Its author, Niccolo Machiavelli, a contemporary of Copernicus, is generally accepted as an early contributor to the scientific revolution, because he looked at power and the nature of sovereignty through

Cbt Therapy - 5297 Words

CBT to Treat Generalized Anxiety Cognitive Therapy (CT) or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) was pioneered by Dr. Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, while he was a psychiatrist and professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Before being hired for this job he had practiced psychoanalysis elsewhere and became interested in advancing the field. While at the University of Pennsylvania Dr. Beck designed and carried out several experiments to test psychoanalytic concepts that delta with depression. Through this research Dr. Beck was hoping to validate the fundamental concepts associated with psychoanalytic therapy, during his studies he was surprised to find the opposite. Instead of validating his previous studies he founded the concept of†¦show more content†¦Cognition can involve anything dealing with judging, conceiving, reasoning and remembering. Cognition can be anything that one think. In cognitive therapy these are usually negative thoughts. These thoughts are usually what therapy sessions are centered around Beck identified six different types of faulty thinking: 1. ARBITRARY INFERENCE - Drawing conclusions about oneself or the world without sufficient and relevant information. 2. SELECTIVE ABSTRACTION - Drawing conclusion from very isolated details and events without considering the larger context or picture. 3. OVERGENERALIZATION - Holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying it to a different or dissimilar and inappropriate situation. 4. MAGNIFICATION AND EXAGGERATION - The process of overestimating the significance of negative events. 5. PERSONALIZATION - Relating external events to one another when no objective basis for such a connection is apparent. 6. POLARIZED THINKING - An all-or-nothing, good or bad, and either-or approach to viewing the world. therapy sessions can be done individually,with a group of people, and more recently popular with a self-help book or computer program ( individual and group therapy are more widely known forms of therapy however with the fast pace and technology savvy world we live in today self-help and computer based programs are growing in popularity, self-help booksShow MoreRelatedCognitive Behavior Therapy ( Cbt ) Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is now growing within today’s society. It is very popular as it is efficient with known to have long lasting treatments for with many individuals who suffer from psychological problems. However, there has been some parsimony and empiricism within in CBT, it aims to be parsimonious. CBT is a short intensive course. The course of the treatment mostly lasts 30-60 minutes long with 5-20 sessions. Just when you are set tling into the treatment and becoming comfortableRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )2001 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is ubiquitous and a proven approach to treatment for a host of diverse psychological difficulties (Wedding Corsini, 2014). There are copious of acceptable created experiments that show to be highly useful in treating anxiety disorders through GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder approach (Fawn Spiegler, 2008). The purpose of this assignment is to expound on the client’s demography and demonstrating concern. The first procedure in this assignment willRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy ( Cbt )857 Words   |  4 Pagescombination of cognitive therapy with behavioral therapy to form CBT (Hansen, 2008). Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) was developed by Aaron Beck in 1967 (field, Beeson, Jones, 2015). In the late mid-1980s, people were still very resistance to the combination of the two therapies, despite the great works of Ellis and Beck (Hansen, 2008). CBT proposed that dysfunctional emotional and behavioral responses were caused directly by dys functional thinking, known as cognitive distortions. CBT is the most commonlyRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )937 Words   |  4 PagesFirst and foremost, what is cognitive behavioral therapy? The Mayo Clinic website defines cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a common type of psychotherapy, talk therapy, wherein the individual seeking therapy works with a mental health counselor in a structured way for a prescribed set of meeting. (web citation) CBT is a goal oriented therapeutic approach which allows the individual in therapy to identify troubling situations or conditions in their life; allows the individual to become awareRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt ) Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a therapeutic approach that is based on a combination of cognitive and behavioral therapy. CBT focuses on how a person’s distorted thought process and inaccurate belief system influences their mood and behaviors. Once it can be identified, the blended therapy aims to change a person’s thinking to be more adaptive and healthy, which will lead to change unhealthy behavior patterns (National Institute of Mental Health, 2015). This type of psychotherapy has beenRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1257 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term, empirically valid amalgamation of facets from cognitive and behavior therapies. Cognitive-behaviorists believe that psychological problems stem from maladaptivity in both thought and behavior patterns, whether self-taught or learned from others. Therefore, changes have to take place in both thoughts and actions. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is structured as collaboration between client and therapist, focusing on the present. A prominent aspect of CBT is the client’sRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)1559 Words   |  7 PagesAssumptions and Definition Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes. This is an effective treatment for patients who are dealing with anxiety and depression. CBT refers to a group of psychotherapies that incorporate techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are the two psychologists who came up with therapies. Beck developed the cognitive therapy (CT) that focuses on changing the client’sRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1480 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach was used for this case conceptualization that consists of a pre-initial evaluation of client M and six weeks of individual therapy sessions using CBT therapy and the Beck Depression Inventory has the domain of counseling theory. Within the behaviorist strand of counseling theory, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been successfully used to treat mild depression. In this case study, the client has mild depression; which is one of the most multi-problemRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt ) Essay1036 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term and goal-oriented approach, which is increasingly popular in both the research field and the practical field. It has become the psychotherapy investigated most extensively due to its wildly application to various disorders and mental problems (Butler, Chapman, Forman, Beck, 2006). One salient advantage of CBT is its flexibility. It is adaptable to different age groups and various cultural backgrounds in both individual and group settingRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1134 Words   |  5 Pagesneed help. There are different ways to help with PTSD, but the most effective treatment is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT is the most effective treatment option for veterans because it focuses on committing the mind on present day and future events, relieves the mind of the traumatic events, and has been proven to help with a variety of mental illnesses. The therapist helping with CBT will attempt to help understand and change the effects and how to think about the trauma. He or she will help

New Directions †Exploration, Expansion, Society, and the Arts Free Essays

string(66) " come to an end in the first part of the seventeenth century\? 8\." Unit 3: New Directions – Exploration, Expansion, Society, and the Arts Chapters 15 Palmer Study Guide Part I Identifying Key Terms Notable People * Prince Henry the Navigator: Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal developed a school of merchant and sailor to prepare them for exploration. He supported the exploration of the West African coastline and later controlled the flow of gold to Europe. * Christopher Columbus: After Vasco da Gama reached India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope, Columbus decided to just sail West without knowing the presence of the â€Å"New World. We will write a custom essay sample on New Directions – Exploration, Expansion, Society, and the Arts or any similar topic only for you Order Now His landing in the Caribbean in 1492 ushered in the era of European exploration and domination of the New World. * Bartholomew Diaz: In 1488, Bartholomew Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope and returned back to Portugal without reaching India. His journey gave motivation for Vasco da Gama to round the Cape of Good Hope and reach India. * Hernando Cortez: In 1521 Hernando Courts conquers the Mexica (Aztec) Empire by convincing the natives that he was the God. He used the encomienda system which was a disguised form of slavery. Bartolome de las Casas: de las Casas, a former conquistador, publicly criticized the ruthlessness with which Columbus and his successors treated the Amerindians. * Michel de Montaigne * Giovanni Bernini * Francisco Pizarro: Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in 1533. He used the encomienda system which was a disguised form of slavery. * Ferdinand Magellan: In 1519 Magellan proves the world round and the world is a lot bigger than expected by circumnavig ating the globe. He convinces the Spanish to give up gaining power in the spice trade. Vasco da Gama: Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut, India in 1498 and launches the Portuguese military expansion. His motives for his journey to India were â€Å"Christians and spices. † * Fuggers: Fuggers were on of the banking families like the Medicis who used usury, change in high interests, to gain money and power. Later, the Fuggers were replaced by state banks in Holland. Terms and Events * Columbian Exchange: Both Europe and the New world were transformed as a result of the Age of Exploration and the exchanges that occurred between tow regions. For Europeans, the Columbian exchange resulted in improved diet, increased wealth, and the rise of global empires. * Conquistadors * Encomienda: Encomienda system was a system in which the Amerindians worked for an owner for certain number of days per week. Spain’s ability to forcibly utilize Amerindian labor was a major reason why the Spanish Empire imported few slaves form Africa. * Joint-stock company: Joint stock companies allowed investors to pool resources for a common purpose. One successful example is the Dutch E. India Company. Price Revolution: The price revolution occurred due to population growth, increase in volume of money, and the influx of gold and silver from New World. The middle class (merchant, bankers, etc) benefited from the price revolution and prospered. * Treaty of Tordesillas: The treaty divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. It gave Spain the exclusive right to the African slave trade (asiento). * Mercantilism: Nations sought a self-suffic ient economy by creating a favorable balance of trade where one’s country exported far more than it imported. Triangular trade: The rianglular trade developed form the Columbian Exchange that links Africa, the New World, and Europe by trade. Both Europe and the New world were transformed as a result of the Age of Exploration and the exchanges that occurred. * Middle Passage * Malleus Maleficarum * Dutch East India Company: The Company, founded in 1602, founded settlement in South Africa, took over many Portuguese trading posts, and seized Malaca in 1641. It was one of the first joint stock companies and was the beginning of capitalism. Bank of Amsterdam: * London Stock Exchange: * â€Å"Old Imperialism†: The old imperialism is characterized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations. It benefited the mother countries in Europe because the colonies provided raw materials which co uld be manufacture and sold for profit. * Entrepreneur * Commercial Revolution: The commercial revolution is a five century economic transition from feudalism to industrial capitalism. Major aspects were commercialization of industry, new capitalistic ventures, and mercantilism. * Putting Out System * Usury: Usury is where a banking family puts extremely high interest on loans to gain money. However, usury was abolished when individual banks were replaced by state banks. Part II Review Quesitons 1. Why did Europeans begin to embark on voyages of discovery and expansion at the end of the fifteenth century? Europeans began to embark on voyages of discovery and expansion for political, economic, and religious reasons. One of the primary motives was the Turkish dominance of Mediterranean because Turks controlled the trade material price. Another reason was Portugal’s curiosity about the unknown and the eagerness to find the Ethiopian kingdom of Prester John. As the phrase â€Å"God, glory, and gold† states, the main reasons were to conquest Muslims, find gold and silver, and glorify oneself. 2. How did Portugal and Spain acquire their overseas empires, and how did their empires differ? 3. How did European expansion affect both the conquerors and the conquered? . What was mercantilism, and what was its relationship to colonial empires? In mercantilism, nations sought a self-sufficient economy by creating a favorable balance of trade where one’s country exported far more than it imported. The mother nations used the colonies to acquire raw materials and used the raw materials and produced manufactured goods. The mother nations benefited from the colonies hrough raw materials, gol d, and much more. The colonies also served as markets for finished goods where the mother nations gained profit. 5. What was the relationship between European overseas expansion and political, economic, and social developments in Europe? 6. What was the social status of women between 1560-1648, and what do the witch hunts tell us about social attitudes toward women? 7. What is skepticism? Why did faith and religious certainty begin to come to an end in the first part of the seventeenth century? 8. You read "New Directions – Exploration, Expansion, Society, and the Arts" in category "Essay examples" Explain how advances in learning and technology influenced fifteenth and sixteenth century European exploration and trade. Advances in learning and technology allowed European exploration and trade to happen without many troubles. Caravels that had triangular lateen sails and the sternpost rudder and used wind speed to move allowed the Europeans to travel through the Atlantic Ocean. With less human labor, more cargo space opened up for trade goods to be shipped. Astrolabe, the use of stars or the sun to travel, explorers were able to know the approximate location of their ship in the middle of ocean. Cartography and learning Atlantic wind patterns enhanced the easiness and accuracy of the journey. 9. Explain the reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a leading commercial power in the period 1550-1650. Two political reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a leading commercial power are the support from merchant oligarchies of autonomous provinces and the Iberian neglect of domestic economy. Because Spain didn’t expand its manufacturing industries, Spain had to give all its gold and silver to pay for their imports. On the other hand, Netherlands developed its service industries such as manufacturing and banking which enhanced the economy. Netherlands had the largest merchant marine in Europe that could protect the ships with goods from attacks by pirates and other nations. Because Netherlands was the haven for religious exiles, the Calvinist Protestant work Ethic spread. 10. Describe the causes of the â€Å"price revolution† and the effect of this period of inflation upon European society. Price revolution was the period of gradual inflation due to population growth, increase in volume of money, and influx of gold and silver from the New World. As the population increased, the demand for goods also increased, which led to increasing prices. Nobles who had fixed income were negatively affected by the price revolution. However, the middle class (bourgeoisie) who acquired much of their wealth from trading and manufacturing increased their social and political status. The peasants or the poor who didn’t have enough income suffered the most from the inflation and increasing prices of goods. 11. Describe the differences between Spanish and Portuguese exploration in the sixteenth century and English and Dutch exploration in the seventeenth century. 12. Describe the reasons behind King Charles I’s decision to begin the African slave trade. Las Casas who criticized the encomienda system urged Spanish crown to find a new source of labor other than the natives. The sugarcane plantations in the Caribbean and South Africa required a backbreaking labor supply. In 1518, Charles I authorized first shipment of Africans to the New World in order to increase labor for sugarcane plantations. For King Charles, slaves were the only source of labor that could work and bring profit to his country. 13. Using at least two specific pieces of art, describe Baroque art. Who supported its development, and how was it both similar to and different from previous styles of art? 14. What are the defining characteristics of the Commercial Revolution? Three major aspects of the Commercial Revolution are commercialization of industry, new capitalistic ventures, and mercantilism. The commercialization of the cottage industry supported by national monarchs began to usurp the economic power held by guild and propel transition of the economy to industrial capitalism. The development of state/national banks, stock markets, and joint stock companies describe how people were interested in investment for profit. During the commercial revolution, new industries such as mining, shipbuilding, artillery, and printing developed. 5. What are the three factors that caused the further development of the Commercial Revolution during the early modern age? Three factors that furthered the growth of the Commercial revolution are opening of the Atlantic, population growth, and price revolution. The opening of the Atlantic allowed for greater trade and a global trade for the first time. Population growth during the 16th century meant increased productio n and increased profit. The price revolution which led to inflation decreased the power of nobilities and increased the power and status of bourgeoisies. Part III Chronological Awareness 1. Sack of Antwerp by Alexander Farnese 2. Vasco da Gama lands at Calicut in India 3. Dutch found New Amsterdam 4. Dutch seize Malacca from Portuguese 5. Portuguese capture Malacca from Muslims 6. English settlement at Jamestown 7. African slave trade begins 8. Treaty of Tordesillas 9. Pizarro defeats Incas in Peru 10. Opening of the Potosi mines Part IV Multiple Choice Practice 1. Which of the following is true about the commercial revolution in Europe? a. Most of the money used for overseas commercial venture came from European governments. b. Joint-stock companies provided the means for individual investor to profit from overseas commercial ventures. c. European nations willingly cooperated to prevent commercial rivalries in the New World. d. Private banking houses continued to be the standard financial institutions of the age of exploration. e. Most nations saw a reduction in tariffs and trade restrictions during the commercial revolution. 2. Which of the following is the underlying premise of mercantilism? a. Agriculture should be the backbone of the economy. b. Government intervention in the economy is detrimental to its prosperity. c. There is a limited amount of bullion in the world, and the nation that controls the most will dominate politically and economically. d. Colonies are a waste of resources, and the money could be better spent on public transportation projects. e. Governments should work hard to prevent monopolies. 3. The Treaty of Tordesillas a. Set boundaries that divided New World colonization between the English and the French. b. Set boundaries that divided New World colonization between the Portuguese and the Spanish. c. Set boundaries that divided West Indian trade routes between the Dutch and the Portuguese. d. Banned the Catholic Church from missionary activity in China. e. Banned the Catholic Church from missionary activity in Japan. 4. All of the following were goals of Prince Henry the Navigator EXCEPT f. Seeking a Christian kingdom as an ally against the Muslims. g. Finding new trade opportunities for Portugal. h. Extending Christianity to the newly discovered regions. i. Buying slaves to ship to the New World. j. Wanting to explore the coast of Africa for Portugal. 5. Overseas trade and settlement in the seventeenth century was most clearly dominated by k. The Dutch. l. Portugal. m. Spain. n. England. o. France. 6. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the means of overseas expansion during the age of exploration? p. The nations most heavily involved in overseas trade were those that had dominated trade during the medieval and Renaissance periods. q. Ptolemy’s world map quickly led explorers astray, and it wasn’t until Mercator made his famous map that sailors were able to venture to the New World. r. The invention of the quadrant allowed sailors to safely sail below the equator. s. In the late fifteenth century, most educated Europeans still thought the earth was flat and feared sailing until Columbus returned from his first voyage. . The growth of centralized monarchies during the Renaissance created governments that had the means to support overseas expansion. 7. Why did the English, Dutch, and French governments fail to begin colonization of the Americas and direct trade with the Orient until more than 100 years after Columbus â€Å"discovered† America? u. Th eir geographical positions put them at a disadvantage for trans-oceanic movement. v. The northern countries lacked suitable ships and the advanced technology to make long voyages. w. Domestic troubles and religious controversies delayed organized action. x. Western European bankers refused to loan monarchs money for such ventures. y. The northerners were slow to abandon their traditional Mediterranean trade routes. 8. All of the following statements regarding the â€Å"Price Revolution† begun in Europe during the sixteenth century are true EXCEPT z. Workers’ wages increased to equal the rising standard of living. {. A steady rise in population added to consumer demand. |. Imports of gold and silver increased the money supply. }. The policies of the new monarchies included steady hikes in taxes. ~. The availability of bank credit increased business expansion and production. . Couples in early modern Europe generally put off marriage until they were, on average, in their mid- to late twenties because a. sexual maturation was delayed until the mid-twenties because of poor nutrition. b. they were concerned about scarcity of housing. c. they needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a family. d. the cust oms and mores of a society dominated by religion promoted sexual restraint. e. laws prohibited marriage without parental permission before the age of majority. 10. Why did African slavery grow quickly in the Caribbean and South America in the sixteenth century? . As Europeans came to love tobacco, tobacco plantations demanded more slave labor. b. European realized that African slaved worked well with European slaves and, therefore, produced more cotton. c. The Spanish conquered the Dutch colonies in the New World and began to use African slaves to cultivate coffee. d. Because rice was a staple in diets around the world, Europeans realized that they needed more slaves to produce larger quantities of it. e. Because of the European appetite for sugar, natures shipped African slaves in large numbers to the New World to work on sugar cane plantations. How to cite New Directions – Exploration, Expansion, Society, and the Arts, Essay examples

Millegan Creek Apartments

Millegan Creek Apartments- Financial Analysis Essay The Millegan Creek Apartment case is an example of a commercial loan. The parties involved in the commercial loan are JP Multifamily Inc. and Fleet Bank. Real Estate group at Fleet Bank want to find out whether or not to accept JPI’s proposed $15,715,000 loan for a 390-unit apartment project in Austin, Texas. The details about the each party, market and financial analysis of the project is outlined below. THE BORROWER -JP MULTIFAMILY INC. The Development Expertise JPI Multifamily Inc. (JPI) was founded in 1989 by John Carpenter and Frank Miller, who had worked together at Southland Financial. JPI, a first class developer, was known as a â€Å"merchant builder† meaning that they developed properties with the intention of selling rather than owning them. JPI had begun seriously investigate in Austin market in 1991. They purchased their first site in early 1992, which was a â€Å"trophy property†, 210-unit project, located in the Southwest part of Austin. The second property JPI purchased in Austin was located in the North Central Area which was a 342-unit project. And, finally the third apartment development in the Austin for JPI would be a 390 unit the Millegan Creek Apartments project. The investment Strategy JPI tried to achieve at least a 150 basis point spread between the initial yield and the current market capitalization rates. JPI was seeking development opportunities which provide a going-in cap rate (or cash on cash return) of at least 10% on the total project cost. They had developed approximately 2800 apartment units and 1,640 apartments. This record was in line their investment strategy of targeting a â€Å"holding period for development projects of two to three years. In 1994, they had eight properties with 2,700 units under construction, four of which were under agreement to be sold upon completion. THE LENDER-FLEET BANK Fleet Bank is being considered as a lender of the project. The Austin Market is a new market for Fleet Bank. Fleet wants to diversify its loan portfolio out of Northeast. Tom Hayden’s (a vice president in Commercial Real Estate at Fleet Bank) assignment was to seek financial opportunities in real estate in the State of Texas. Based on Tom’s research, JPI was an active developer who had survived the Texas real estate crash built a large number of apartments. SALIENT FACTS of MILLEGAN CREEK APARTMENTS PROJECT The Description of the Product: Jefferson at Millegan Creek Apartment would be a typical JPI luxury apartment complex. The apartment would target renters with high discretionary incomes who could probably afford a single-family home, but made a lifestyle choice to live in rental apartments. Site amenities included two swimming pools, a clubhouse, fitness center with sauna and steam rooms, and the laundry facilities. Standard features in each apartment included nine-foot ceilings, a security system, crown molding and upgrade white on white appliances. Location: The Millegan Creek site was located in Williamson County, adjacent to the city of limits of Austin and approximately 11 miles northwest of the central business district. The site was an irregular, rectangular shape consisting of about 21. 5 acres, with 904 feet of frontage along McNeil Road. Near Highways: Parmer Lane had recently been expanded from a two lane to a six-lane road and provided excellent north-south access. McNeil Road brought about 15,000 cars in an east west direction past the site each day and had recently been upgraded from a two lane to a five-lane road. In addition, McNeil Road was being extended three miles to connect to Wells Branch Parkway. Construction financing:The loan was being reviewed by Fleet Bank because the volume of deals JPI doing, their existing lenders (NationsBank, Guaranty Federal Savings Bank (in Dallas), BankOne, General Electric Credit Corporation had reached the limit of the exposure they wanted with any borrower. Construction problem:The site was level with no significant subsurface rocks, which would not create construction problem. Property Taxes :The site was outside the City of Austin which can provide lower property taxes and easy zoning approval. Total Project Cost: $19,644,000 Loan Amount: $15,715,000 Land Cost: $1,425,000 The holding period: Target holding period is two to three years MARKET ANALYSIS Regional Economic Drivers Austin housing market holds a comparative advantage and this advantage exists because; -it’s ranked sixth in the nation as a preferred location for a new manufacturing facility, Austin economy had always been universities and government as the state capital. Austin had a government workforce of over 110,000 including state, country and city employees and plus recently added 3,000 government sector jobs, -The location of project was close to many of Austin’s high tech companies. Texas Instruments had a big campus located across the street. Others in the area included: Abbott Laboratories, Tandem Computers, 3M, and State Farm Insurance. Apple Computers had also announced plans to build a new, $28 million, 300,000square foot facility to house its U. S. Customer support Service The other strength of Austin is that the city is filled with good universities. Companies were attractive to Austin economy by the presence of university –based research and its very desirable climate. Market demand Austin had experienced significant population growth and local economists expected these trends to continue. The average family size would continue to be about 2. 43 people per household. Job Growth Since the strength of the apartment market heavily dependent upon continued growth in the local market, local job market figures as follows; -As of September 1993, Austin’s employment totaled 425,800 and its unemployment rate was at 4. %. Austin added almost 30,000 jobs in the 1992-1993 periods. -The Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts projected job growth for the next two years to continue in the 3% to 3. 2% range. INVESTMENT DECISION I recommend Fleet Bank to approve the loan based on the market analysis outlined above and the attached financial analysis. The highlights of ratios listed in Exhibit 1 as follows; Cash on cash return 13. 70% , IRRe 5YR Hold 26. 48%, IRRo 5 YR Hold 16. 62% and Cap Rate (in) 10. 67%. In the loan calculations the interest rates is taken as 8%. Considering that nstitutional buyers in the region were paying cap rates in the 8% to 9% for the new apartments, JPI can achieve its investment strategy of obtaining at least 150 basis point for its investments. The debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) in commercial real estate finance refers to the primary measure to determine if a property will be able to sustain its debt based on cash flow. Typically most commercial banks require the ratio of 1. 15-1. 35 times (net operating income or NOI/annual debt service) to ensure cash flow sufficient to cover loan payments is on an ongoing basis. Building and planning a new club house EssayThe net investment in the property is the cost of the property minus the amount borrowed. One way to understand the ratio is to compare it to a return on a certificate of deposit. If the bank pays you an annual return of, say 5%, the 5% is the Cash on Cash return on the deposit. However, unless the property is owned free and clear, this is not a totally true comparison. The return you get is AFTER the mortgage and all other expenses have been paid. It can therefore fluctuate wildly. Whereas, if you put $200,000 in the bank in a CD you can be certain that you will get the return you expected. Please note that the Cash on Cash return does not include property appreciation which is a non-cash flow item until the year of sale. Therefore, if you are evaluating a property on a long-term basis, you need to focus more on the annual cash flow as it relates to your investment and focus less on property appreciation. CAPITALIZATION RATE (CAP RATE) The Cap Rate is a ratio that places a value on a property based on the net operating income (NOI) it generates which allows for a comparison of properties with different Fair Market Values (FMV). The Cap Rate is computed by taking the rental NOI and dividing it by the propertys FMV. The higher the Cap Rate, the better the property is said to be performing. Note that the Cap Rate is not a computation of an investment return but rather a way of understanding how a property will generate NOI so it can be compared to other properties. Cap Rate Practical Use #1 You can use the Cap Rate to value your property. Lets say that your property generates $30,000 of annual net operating income. Your real estate agent tells you that the Capitalization Rate in your area is approximately 10%. That would mean that the approximate fair market value of your property is $300,000 ($30,000 ? .10). Cap Rate Practical Use #2 Assume that you are comparing two properties. The first property has a projected NOI of $20,000 and an asking price of $500,000. The second property has a NOI of only $10,000 with an asking price of $110,000. Which one would the Cap Rate suggest is a better investment? The Cap Rate would suggest that the second property is a better investment since the Cap Rate is 9% ($10,000 ? $110,000) versus 4% ($20,000 ? $500,000). LOAN TO VALUE RATIO (LTV or LVR) The Loan-to-Value Ratio is the amount of a secured loan or mortgage divided by the fair market value of the property. For example, if your property is worth $100,000 and you have a mortgage balance of $50,000, the Loan-to-Value ratio on your home would be 50%. The LVR helps you quickly determine how leveraged your property is based on the fair market value of the property versus your cost. You can also use the LVR to determine the amount of your equity. If you have more than one loan secured against your property, add together the outstanding value of each loan in order to calculate the Loan-to-Value ratio. For example, if your home is worth $100,000 and you have a mortgage balance of $50,000, the Loan-to-Value ratio on your home would be 50%. However, if you also have a second secured loan on your home for $25,000, the Loan-to-Value ratio on your home would be 75% ((50,000 + 25,000) divided by 100,000). GROSS RENT MULTIPLIER (GRM) The Gross Rent Multiplier (GRM) is another way to value and compare properties. Used mostly in the apartment industry, the GRM is much like the Capitalization Rate except the gross rental income rather than the net operating income (NOI) is used to determine the value of a property. The GRM is calculated by dividing the fair market value of the property by the monthly gross rental income. EXAMPLE: If the sales price for a property is $200,000 and the monthly gross rental income for a property is $2,500, the GRM is equal to 80 ($200,000 ? $2,500). INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR) When an investment creates differing amounts of annual cash flow, a rate of return can be determined by calculating the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The formula for computing the IRR is very complicated but essentially an IRR is the rate needed to convert (or discount) the future uneven cash flow to equal your initial investment or down payment. EXAMPLE: Assume a cash flow of $100 in the second year. Also, assume that in order to generate that $100, you had to invest $500. In this example, you have an outflow of $500 the first year and an inflow of $600 in the second year ($100 earnings plus the $500 return of your initial investment). To convert or discount the $600 back to todays dollars to equal your initial investment of $500, a discount rate of 20% is required. Thus, your IRR is 20%. In other words, IRR is the discount rate at which the net present value of all future cash flow is zero (discounted future cash flows = starting investment amount). The net meaning you subtract your initial investment. Leveraged vs. Unleveraged IRR When you use debt to purchase a property, you are using leverage. The program computes your IRR based on how debt impacts your cash flow. As a result, you can compare the leveraged and unleveraged IRR to determine how debt is helping or hurting your investment results. MODIFIED INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (MIRR) The Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) is used to correct a significant inherent problem with the IRR calculation. The IRR formula   assumes that you are reinvesting the annual cash flow at the same rate as calculated by the IRR. As a result, when you have a property that generates significant cash flow, the calculated IRR will overstate the likely financial return of the property. The MIRR allows you to enter a different rate that is applied to the propertys annual cash flow. Using the MIRR will more closely mimic the real rate of return since operating cash flow is rarely invested at a higher rate than a bank savings rate. The finance rate is the annual interest rate paid to borrow money during years the property experiences a negative cash flow. The reinvestment rate is the rate of return earned on the excess cash flow that is generated by the property.

Leave Human Cloning To Mother Nature Essays - Biology, Cloning

Leave Human Cloning To Mother Nature Its been three years since the birth of Dolly, the worlds first successfully cloned animal. The announcement of her birth brought about much ado and sparked many debates concerning the morality of cloning. In the three years since Dolly was created, the debate over cloning has swelled and receded, but has never been put to rest. A compelling issue that has come into focus in the past several years is the idea of human cloning. Many scientists believe that it is inevitable because the technology is there, and anything that can be done eventually will be done. They preach the value of human clones, dropping phrases like cure for disease and prolonged life to entice the public into supporting their cause. Though these concepts seem beguiling, the notion of human cloning, when looked at as a whole, has serious repercussions and should not be entertained lightly. From a strictly scientific point of view, we are just not ready to attempt the cloning of a human being. Our scientific knowledge of cloning has been compared to Mr. Fords knowledge of the automobile just after the introduction of the Model A. The dangers of producing human clones with disabilities and disfigurements are high because of our low level of understanding of cloning and of human genetics in general. Even if the probabilities of disfigurement were low, human cloning could not be justified. What rationalization could be given to a child who would spend the rest of his life in horrible disfigurement? Even one person forced to spend his life in pain should be reason enough to avoid human cloning. An area that has apparently been overlooked by the scientific community in their race for the gold is world population. This is an issue that they have been screaming over for years, and yet scientists are looking the other way where the issue of cloning is involved. Many countries are overflowing with people, and the United States, among others, becomes the nurturing nipple from which these distressed countries suck the much-needed funds to support their starving citizens. China has for years placed a one child per couple rule on its populace, and there are many out there who think it is a good practice. At present, there are nearly 5.4 billion people on this planet. With all of the uproar concerning over-population, why make more? Of course, from a less technical standpoint, the issues with human cloning are endless. The most chilling of all is the idea that cloning humans can save lives. Though on the surface this seems to be a bright spot in the sea of darkness that surrounds the human cloning issue, in reality it could be the darkest point of all. The reason being that cloning in order to save lives gives rise to visions of human farms where people will be made and used for parts, or research. Though there may be legitimate instances of organs cloned, the most obvious and easy way to ensure longevity would be to clone your self for spare parts. Black market operations would surely ensue, and add yet another dimension to the already versatile world of crime that our society must endure. If the practices were made illegal, it would merely add to our already overflowing court system. This brings about another point rarely discussed by either side of the cloning issue: the clones. Has anyone bothered to think of these poor individuals? We cant even get together as a society and accept the humans we already have. It seems incredibly brazen of us to assume that we could accept these new additions to society as equal. It could be a horrible stigma carried like a dark secret throughout the clones life. The effects would be devastating. Why would we want to put someone through that just to satisfy our own narcissistic goals? Finally there is the one thing that most people opposed to cloning agree on; our intuition says NO. This may seem like an unfounded reason to argue for the banning of human cloning, however when inspected more closely, the idea can be supported. The reason that the idea of cloning creates such a disturbance within us is that at

Earl g. graves essays

Earl g. graves essays Earl Graves was a young black boy who grew up in the tough neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyuesant Brooklyn. He was born in the late 1930s his first venture came at the tender age of seven. He was selling Christmas cards door to door. He was inspired by his father who was a salesman who was very good at haggling to make sells. This is the story of Earl G. Graves. Graves life revolved around Brooklyn and his church until he was thirty-two years of age. He was a real estate salesman and involved himself in local politics. In the 1960s this all changed. In 1964, he walked in to the local headquarters of the Democrats. The sight of a well-groomed black man wanting to sign up turned off people, because he got the cold shoulder. He wrote a letter to the National Committee, then was told to report to the New York State Democratic headquarters. He was assigned to be a volunteer on the campaign of Robert Kennedy. Graves eventually became an administrative assistant after impressing Kennedy with his tiptop shape ran parties. June 5th of 1968 was Earl Graves darkest hour. That day he saw the man that gave such a great opportunity to help his community, lying down in a pool of blood just after he was assonated. This left Graves unemployed, but highly employable. He was offered a job at IBM, and at Ford Foundation Fellowship. He wanted no limitation on his earnings so he studied entrepreneurship on a work study program with Ford Foundation Fellowship. He thought about a career as a consultant to African-American businesspeople. Graves studied entrepreneurship and economic development. Graves thought about starting a newsletter to help his consulting practice. His friend from his Kennedy days Howard Samuels, who was at the time head of the Small Business Administration, suggested to start a magazine instead. In 1969, he took a loan of 175,000 SBA backed with the support of his wife. His Black Enterpris...

Organisational Change Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Change Management - Case Study Example The organization is also likely to face stiff competition from its competitors in the market some of who may be so aggressive thus the need to encourage innovativeness as a way to realizing the much needed change as some consider rebranding with the sole aim in mind. Effectiveness is of the essence owing to its ability to better place the organization far beyond its competitors. In order to attain high projections it’s wise to be more conversant on how the market may be faring at any one time and could be facilitated when a good feedback system is adopted (Berger, Sikora & Berger, 1994). In order to bring about change, change ought to begin at an individual level before it can be marketed. Staffs are thus expected to embrace a good attitude while going about their duties. This is due to its ability to increase productivity as most staffs are more motivated when this is achieved. A number of considerations are thus looked at both at internal and external levels due to their sig nificance to this process. Such factors are able to affect the entire process in both direct and indirect way. In order to achieve much one ought to use his skills and knowledge appropriately while implementing change in line with upgrading current systems to match up with the changing world as (Managing Change, 2003). While championing change one is likely to realize that this if well managed could be used as an effective tool thus making it possible to overcome existing barriers which in a more efficient way. Factors triggering the need for Change   Change management is a transformation process championed in an organization while striving at maintaining its relevancy in the industry. It could be adopted while trying to solve noted problem or rather trying to take advantage of an opportunity in a more ambitious way before other players capitalize on it. A number of common features are stated below and could give us a clue on what may cause it. 1. A new system is likely to be acqu ired by the organization and thus could be working on modalities geared at its implementation (Nickols, 2000). Factors leading to such change could be externally or internally derived. 2. In some situations organizations may be forced to adhere to change owing to a change in legislation based on the laws of certain countries, social issues as well as competition (Nickols, 2000). During such events rarely does it have a say regarding such issues. How does Change Management work several procedures are followed while going about the change process. At the top of the list change trigger are noted and good strategies initiated till the entire process is implemented as illustrated; Figure 1: The Change Management Model (L. A. Berger et al., 1994) Change Management Value A lot can be derived from this process basically because it motivates them towards realizing the much needed change while limiting barriers in existence at the organizational environment level. It is thus important to reco gnize the present need for change before taking any meaningful step to actualizing anything. When such problems are handled well organizations are more likely to derive much from such situation and could be because they could present an opportunity to them (Nickols, 2000). Table 1  - Examples of Change Management   Barriers/Drivers Example Motivation  - lack of value or confidence; don't care or understand the benefits Motivation

Volcanoes and Earthquake Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Volcanoes and Earthquake - Assignment Example Lava with low viscosity forms a shield mountain, which is low-lying because it flows over a long distance. On the other hand, the lava with high viscosity forms a dome-shaped mountain because it flows over a short distance before solidification (Gill, 2009). High silica content leads to the formation of a magma and lava that is more viscous than when the silica content is low. The viscosity is high because of the strong bonds between silica and oxygen. Intrusive igneous rocks refer to the igneous rocks that form when magma crystallizes within the Earth’s crust. Granite is the common example of intrusive igneous rocks. Extrusive igneous rocks refer to the igneous rocks that form when magma crystallizes on the Earth’s surface (Gill, 2009). Basalt is the common example of extrusive igneous rocks. On the other hand, the lava with high viscosity forms a dome-shaped mountain because it flows over a short distance before solidification (Gill, 2009). A pyroclastic flow refers t o a fast-moving mass of hot rocks and gases. It is evident that a pyroclastic flow is explosive because of the fast-moving gases. The volcanic eruption from St. Augustine volcano is an example of the volcano that produced a pyroclastic flow. A lava flow refers the movement molten rock from a volcanic mountain at a slow speed due to the absence of hot gases (Gill, 2009). It is evident that a volcanic flow is effusive because it does not involve hot gases. The volcanic eruption from Mauna Loa volcano is an example of the volcano that produced a lava flow. A supervolcano refers to a volcano that can produce an eruption with a large volume of about 1000 km3. An example of a supervolcano is Yellowstone.  Intrusive igneous rocks from within the vents before the magma moves to the Earth’s surface.

Sustainability, Crime and Perceptions of Safety in Newcastle Essay - 10

Sustainability, Crime and Perceptions of Safety in Newcastle - Essay Example A sustainable community is one that acknowledges the interconnectedness of social, economic and environmental goals and has a comprehensive set of policies designed to satisfy the multiple benchmarks that define sustainability. According to the Centre for Sustainable Development at Simon Fraser University in Canada, â€Å"Sustainable Community Development (SCD) aims to integrate economic, social and environmental objectives in community development.† (â€Å"Why Sustainable Community Development†) In the context of the city of Newcastle, this cluster of goals and interrelated policies was compiled in The Australia Institute and Newcastle City Council authored report entitled, Indicators of a Sustainable Community, published in 2000. The report begins by noting, â€Å"Sustainability incorporates economic, social and environmental attributes of the City as they affect the quality of life of community members.† It goes on to note that sustainability is not a goal to be achieved but rather a process to be worked on with communities becoming more or less sustainable: â€Å"The challenge for policymakers and others involved in improving the quality of life in Newcastle will be to review these indicators over time and integrate them into management and decision-making processes within the City.† Interestingly, both of these indicators are important although they may, at times, be contradictory. It is not unheard of for crime rates to be dropping in a community at the same time that residents perceive themselves to be less safe. Therefore, this evaluation of crime and public safety in Newcastle will be conducted through analysis of actual crime rates and public perceptions of criminality and safety. The Indicators of a Sustainable Community report clearly identifies as one Desired Outcome improving community perception of safety. It defines the benchmark for this as, â€Å"Measuring how fear of crime impacts on people’s decisions to participate in activities outside the home indicates the community’s  perception of safety.  

Biomedical and Biopsychosocial Models of Healthcare

Biomedical and Biopsychosocial Models of Healthcare Critical Evaluation on the Future of Healthcare: The Biomedical or the Biopsychosocial Model The Biomedical Model This model has been in existence since the mid-19th century and was predominant for physicians in the diagnosis of diseases. It comprises of four elements. It argues that, that health constitutes the freedom of pain, disease or defect which implies the normal human is healthy. In this model, the focus on the physical processes such as biochemistry, physiology and pathology of a disease do not take into consideration the role played by individual subjectivity or social factors. Unlike the biopsychosocial model, the biomedical model fails to consider negotiation between a doctor and patient in determining diagnosis. The main focus in this model is purely biological factors. It excludes social influences, environment and the psychological ones. Western countries have adopted it as a leading modern way for which health professionals treat and diagnose conditions. Regardless of the limitations that this model expresses, it has been critical in the development of programs to control infect ious diseases. In addition, it feeds more information to the biopsychosocial approach (White, 2009). The Biopsychosocial Model This is an approach that states that psychological, social and biological factors all play a key role in the human functioning in relation to illness and disease. Health is thus understood by concentrating on biological, social and psychological factors rather than entirely focusing on biological terms. It contrasts to biomedical model. Biomedical model takes the position that every disease process can be explained in accordance to deviations in normal functions such as injury, developmental abnormality in genes or virus (White, 2009). This model is used in the fields of medicine, health sociology and psychology and nursing. The acceptance, novelty and prevalence of the biopsychosocial model demonstrates variation across cultures. The model has been developing over time and will only mature further with health psychology designs and research. The Future of Healthcare The biopsychosocial model is at the heart of the future of healthcare. Specialization in healthcare has advanced to fields of health psychology, psychiatry, chiropractic, clinical psychology, family therapy and clinical social work. Majority of clinicians will engage the elements of biopsychosocial and biomedical models in the practices they engage in. However, it is arguable that all illnesses whether functional or organic can be managed best going by the biopsychosocial framework rather than the biomedical in practice. The two models seem to share the same goal which is improving the improvement of the patient’s well-being. What differs is the scope on which the physician considers impairment including its origin and the possible remedies. The biopsychosocial framework expands the meaning of this goal and applies it in clinical processes. Illness is approached as the subjective sense of suffering by the patient. The goal of managing the disease thus needs to identify the spe cific exposures of the patient which are biological, social and psychological. Potential Disabilities of the Biomedical Model The biomedical model will lose its position in the future of healthcare as it assumes that social and psychological processes are irrelevant to the disease’s process. The potential disabilities it exposes are massive. It mainly has three liabilities. First, the model is reductionist in nature. It reduces illness to lower level processes. These include chemical imbalances and disordered cells. It thus fails to recognize the general role of psychological and social determinants. Secondly, the model is a single-factor model. The explanation for illness is in terms of biological malfunctions rather that recognition of a variety of factors with only a few being biological in the causation of illness. The third liability is that the model assumes a mind-body dualism. It maintains that the body and mind are two separate entities. The final but not least liability is that the model puts more emphasis on illness over health. The focus is aberrations that cause illness instead of the co nditions that would promote health. Advantages and Clinical Implications of the Biopsychosocial Model Medical care, illness and disease are interrelated processes. They involve interaction of changes both within the individual and other levels. Researchers are thus impelled by this framework toward an interdisciplinary collaboration and thinking. The model maintains that the diagnosis process should consider the interacting roles of social, psychosocial and biological factors. This calls for interdisciplinary team approach in making a diagnosis. Health psychology should adopt this model and involve all the three factors. Therapy is thus uniquely targeted to a particular individual considering their health’s totality and ensuring treatment recommendations capable of dealing with more than one problem systematically. Therefore, a team approach is encouraged as the best approach. The relationship between a doctor and a practitioner is emphasized by the biopsychosocial model. The efficacy of treatment, the rapidity of solving an illness and the patient’s service usage can be improved by an effective practitioner-patient relationship. The biopsychosocial model makes the implication that the physician must have a clear understanding of the psychological and social factors that make contributions to an illness in order to come up with ample treatment (Kim,2014). For a healthy individual, the model is of the opinion that their health habits can only be understood in social and psychosocial contexts. When an individual is ill, recovery can be influenced by psychological, biological and social factors. These factors may maintain poor health habits but when there is appropriate modifications, they facilitate healthy ones. Biopsychosocial Perspectives Psychosomatics, Behavior and Health Depression, social isolation, conscientiousness and chronic stress are all understood by medical colleagues and health psychologists alike in the impacting of the vulnerability and the protection of various diseases. There is a consistent correlation of clinical depression with pathogenesis and occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. In a study in 2009, Salomon examined the existing differences in reactivity of cardiovascular to and recovery from two lab stressors between healthy controls with no self-reported history of CVD samples and naturalistic samples of clinically depression (Nezu, 2013). With previous research demonstrating significant behavioral associations and psychosomatic among illness, health and disease, the BPS model should focus on bringing into play analytic complexity fighting individualistic. Review of neuroplasticity, socio-somatic and psychosocial genomics will assist in balancing individualistic bias for health psychology, provision of sophisticated and adequate understanding of the cultural and social contours underlying illness and health thus fostering a greater integration among domains of bio-psycho-social. Psychosocial Genomics and Neuroplasticity Advances in genetics and molecular biology have given way to the map out of human genome. There have been spectral and technological imaging advances such as allowing of examining complex neurological processes and functional magnetic resonance. These movements in science have resulted to empirical investigations, psychosocial genomics and neuroplasticity which thus offers important evidence in relation to the interdependence nature of socio-cultural, biological and psychological processes. Research on neuroplasticity goes further to justify the biopsychosocial framework. This is because, the study indicates that the brain neurons are more dynamic than had previously been considered. They develop novel synaptic connections in response to learning and experience across age and mainly the entire life (Kim, 2014). Biopsychosocial further elaborates on the impact of social support. Within many studies, more satisfying social relationships or confidants result to an individual recovering more quickly from illnesses and diseases as compared to those with minimal social support. Culture in the Biopsychosocial Model Culture evolves over the years. It carries with it vagueness and contention. Culture is informatory. It influences every founding block of the BPS model. Failure to demonstrate adequate to the key role of culture in health psychology and related medical fields would result to the discrimination in health service delivery. For a more holistic approach therefore in heath psychology, culture should be considered seriously in attempts to integrate the BPS model. Biopsychosocial Model Transformations and the Future: Health Psychology Health psychology’s emergence together with behavioral medicine in primary care settings and general practitioners training on various health paradigms have resulted to an awareness for which patients now understand that the medical providers view them as a person and not merely by the disease. For the past two decades, the research of health psychologists and the behavioral interventions have matured greatly together with high criticism. Patient quality of life and wellness has been observationally been improved by the humanistic view by the psychologists. To fully solidify the role of combinatory treatments and psychologists, it is necessary to conduct long-term empirical studies. Doctors however question the motive of the alteration of medicine for the incorporation of behavioral interventions which tend to increase the workload of the physicians who are already strained. Research, vast knowledge on behavior education skills are applied by psychology practitioners should be used in the promotion of a medical care that is more hospital co-managed. Health care and societal transformations constrain psychology from change. Psychology seeks to deliver expansion on the special skills of health and clinical psychology. Psychopharmacology is the latest intervention in the creation of a psychologist practitioner who is independent. Psychologists must look for and maintain an inter-professional collaboration with physicians in order to ensure prescription authority and psychology. The psychosocial aspects of medical problems are then addressed. Quality of treatment may be affected by poor relationships between physicians and psychologists. Collaborations and partnerships in the management and diagnosis of all health will be observed in the decades to come. Training programs in health psychology will increase in terms of quantity. There will be specialization for students who have interest in the practice of research, clinical and education settings (Kim, 2014). The policy makers and the professionals such as teachers require training and education on the biopsychosocial model. The impact of this on healthcare would be the reduction of health costs, improved occupational control, promotion of self-empowerment, provocation of behavioral change and an increment in adherence to plans of treatment. Integrated healthcare will eventually address the complete spectrum of the mind and the human body as one and the same. A Holistic Approach in the Application of the Biopsychosocial model in the future of Health Psychology The biomedical model of disease and health is dominant in the existing medical practices. The approach is effective mainly in the control of infectious maladies. Chronic non-infectious diseases require the BPS approach. The approach takes into account other health determinants. That thus takes the BPS model a step further into the better approach than the biomedical model. However, a more holistic approach in the biopsychosocial approach is one that integrates culture into the focus of biological, psychological and biological aspects. Taking culture into the picture for the future will result to a more holistic approach. The future health research programs and intervention strategies should endure at considering all the domains and that will be a holistic approach. The BPS model will keep on maturing with time. To this regard therefore, there should be an examination of the effectiveness of cultural, social, biological and physiological claims. It should be conducted in clinical practice exploring the health concepts from perspectives and questioning perspectives could influence the current and future trends in health interventions and health promotion. Conclusion The future of health care lies more on the biopsychosocial approach more than the biomedical one. However, as demonstrated in the research and advancements in the health psychology, there are still aspects of the BPS model that could be involved in the future. One of them could be an increased collaboration and participation amongst psychologists and physicians. They should collaborate to ensure that wellbeing is attained by effective application of the model. The aspect of culture should also be included in the framework to ensure that the health services are acceptable in various communities. Clinical implications are at the heart of the improvement of the biopsychosocial approach. Health psychology and biomedical research will act as key building blocks in the future role of the model. References Kim, P. (2014, March 22). Report Summarizes Health Psychology Study Findings from Northeastern University. Psychology Psychiatry Journal, 456, 33-67. Nezu, A. M. (2013). Health psychology. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Piotrowski, C. (2012, September 1). Occupational Health Psychology: Neglected Areas of Research. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 675, 44-65. Sheridan, C. L., Radmacher, S. A. (1992). Health psychology: challenging the biomedical model. New York: Wiley. White, P. (2009). Biopsychosocial medicine: an integrated approach to understanding illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The Evil Actions of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in Shakespeares Play Essa

Macbeth is a tragedy written by Shakespeare roughly between the years 1603 and 1606. It was a play written following the death of Queen Elizabeth. The king at the time - James I of England/King James VI of Scotland was known to be a big supporter of theatre, witchcraft and demonology. Shakespeare and his associates soon into their career became known as the King’s men. The Kings ancestry was traced back to Banquo, a character from the play. At the beginning, Macbeth is spoken about by the three witches and we can tell that Macbeth must have had a reputation for being popular. He is called ‘brave Macbeth’; and is involved in bloody conflicts. Described as the hero, we learn that Macbeth himself killed Macdonwald in a battle that could have gone either way without the help of Macbeth’s talent on the battlefield. He is also portrayed as a heartfelt and caring man, when he himself decides that it is the wrong thing to do to murder the country’s own king – Duncan so that he can be king like the witches said. Everything about his character near the start of the play is good, and it seems as though he was the person people idolised at the time. Lady Macbeth gets a letter from Macbeth, in which she learns that the three witches had told Macbeth his destiny was to become King. ‘All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Glamis!’ ‘All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, thane of Cawdor!’ ‘All hail, Macbeth, thou shalt be king hereafter!’ She thinks that Macbeth is too weak to do anything about confirming this prophecy, and as a result decided to transforms herself instead, hoping that with her support, Macbeth will allow the witches’ predictions to come true. She enters the play confident and ready for anything that tried to get in her ... ...t this is what they wanted to be, and what they thought they were for a while. However, when it came down to doing the dirty work, they couldn’t pull it off and they realized that they just weren’t those kinds of people. We know that Lady Macbeth couldn’t make it, because she committed suicide in the end from an â€Å"illness† caused by the murder; and Macbeth didn’t really want to become that way in the first place and was just influenced by his wife. I think that Lady Macbeth got caught up in the thought of her husband being the king, and she believed that she could become evil and that she was strong enough; but, in the end, she wasn’t, and Macbeth, rather than separating from her, letting down his wife and not getting involved in the evil acts Lady Macbeth thought she was capable of, went along with it, and in the end got killed from the acts of their selfishness.

Financial Analysis of Amazon.com Inc.

This paper seeks to analyze the financial statements of Amazon. com Inc. for the years 2005, 2006 and 2007 by interpreting its profitability, liquidity, leverage and activity ratios and comparing the same with industry averages. This will also analyze the company’s growth rates, valuation ratios (price) and dividends and will employ horizontal and vertical analysis in process as needed. 2. Analysis and Discussion 2. 1 Profitability Return on equity of Amazon. com Inc. shows many things about the past performance of the company in the past five years.The continued decrease from 2005 through 2007 appears noticeable but the rates are still very high. . From 145. 93% in 2005, it has hugely decreased to 44. 08% in 2006 and further to 39. 77% in 2007. Such level of profitability is still very for purposes of determining a company’s profitability. Compared to industry average of 24. 9%, the company’s ROE is still higher. See Exhibit I in the Appendix. The range of 39% t o 145% return on equity encourages investors as it would mean that for every $100 investment, the investors expect returns of about $39 to $145. These rates could be viewed as something unprecedented for a company like Amazon.com Inc.. Its level of ROE is something that must be the envy of many other companies such as EBay Inc. , Enable Holdings and Friendly Auto Dealers, Inc (Yahoo Finance, 2008). It may be noted that return on equity is solved under the formula where net profit is divided by the total stockholders equity. When compared to an average rate of 1. 5% US base rate (Housepricecrash, 2008 ) if money was invested in a bank, the company’s would seem to offer more than twenty fold and it is something very difficult to find and would therefore make it very attractive to investors.The company’s return on assets for the years 2006 through 2008 ranges from 4% to 9% and which appears to be obviously lower that its ROE. The same may be observed in relation to the co mpany’s net profit margin for last three years and has not even exceeded 5% in any period. However, ROE must be superior in declaring the profitability of Amazon as compared to all other profitability ratios. Operating margin which measures within the range of 3 to 5% for the three years, represents the margin after deducting cost of sales or services and operating expenses.Things to be added or deducted still are other income(s). The ratios mean that the management of Amazon. com Inc. is doing well that it must thank its employee’s participation of employees in delivering value to customers. The net margins of the company for the three years are lower than operating profit margin, due to the additional deductions of interest expenses. The profitability ratios such as return to equity, operating profit margin and net profit margin have the capacity to show historical profitability but investors would base also their decision on estimates of the future.Since conditions change, wise users of financial information may just give more values to estimated cash flow in the future for valuing their investments in terms of dividends to be received from the company. This appears to be found in the case of Amazon as proved by high debt equity as would be discussed later in relation to its profitability. 2. 2. 2 Liquidity Liquidity enables a company to meet its currently maturing obligations. It is measured using the current ratio and the quick asset ratio.Current ratio calculation uses current assets to be divided to current liabilities while quick assets ratio is almost the same except that the inventory and prepaid expenses are being removed from the current assets to have a new numerator but the denominator is the same. Quick assets therefore normally include cash, marketable securities and accounts receivable and the use of quick asset ratio is very much relevant for one intending to have higher form of measuring liquidity. In such case, one would prefe r quick asset ratio over that of the current ratio.As applied now, the current ratios of Amazon. com Inc reflected 1. 39, 1. 33 and 1. 54 for the years 2007, 2006 and 2005 respectively while the quick asset ratios for same years are 1. 02, 0. 95 and 1. 19 for the same years respectively. See Exhibit I in the Appendix. Both ratios showed fluctuating trend where decreased was first noted and then increase followed after. The company’s liquidity may be considered to be still very high since current ratios average more than 1. 3 while quick asset ratio averages about more than 1.0 for the last three years. It current ratio for 2007 is very close to industry average of 1. 8 while its quick ratio of 1. 02 is not very far from industry average of 1. 6. Both its liquidity ratios are better when compared with S&P 500 index. See Exhibit I in the Appendix. The good liquidity appears to be a result also of good profitability of the company as observed earlier in terms of very high return on equity. 2. 2. 3 Leverage ratios Financial leverage or solvency refers to the company’s capacity to keep it stability over the long term.Generally measured by the debt to equity ratio, with the formula of having the total debt of the company divided by its total equity; a good financial leverage assures investors that the company is not to just to exist in the short term but it must also have a long life to recover long term investments which takes years to produce the needed returns. The debt to equity ratios of Amazon. com Inc. are 4. 42, 9. 12 and 14. 02 for the years 2007, 2006 and 2005 respectively. These ratios are however not as good as industry average of 0. 32. See Exhibit I in the Appendix .The ratios are indeed very high since the ratio of more than 4. 0 means that the value the company investments is not matched by what it borrows by about more than 400%. Remarkable Improvement were however recorded from 2005 through 2007. This must be due to its very high prof itability. This could mean that the company is expanding business as noted its net fixed assets reflecting growth rates of 25. 06%, 22. 53% and 67. 91%, the years 2007, 2006 and 2005 respectively. See Exhibit I in the Appendix. In other words, expansions are getting financed hugely from operations which is a sigh of a healthy company.Good solvency is a proof of good capital structure and for Amazon. com Inc. the same could be attainable as shown in the very remarkable improvement if its debt to equity ratio which cut more than half that on 2006 in 2007. Given also its very good liquidity as analyzed earlier, the company must be declared to have clean bill of health in financial terms. 2. 2. 4 Efficiency ratios The company’s profitability is being supported by its good efficiency ratios. Inventory turnovers for three years are very much higher than industry average and such efficiency is indicative of its better performance than competitors.Even its collection period and recei vable turnover are definitely above industry and S&P 500 index. No wonder the massive improvement in leverage ratio for two years is more than justified. 3. Conclusion Amazon. com is growing very remarkably in term of revenues, fixed assets, and net income. The increase in net income of more than 60% in 2007 is not easy to disregard and the fixed assets growth averaging more than 20% for the last three years could only mean an expanding company under a very favorable condition in the industry.Its profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, leverage ratios and activity ratios are very favorable to the company. Its profitability is sustaining not only its liquidity by keep improving is highly leverage financial condition. Although, 2007 liquidity and leverage ratios are not as good as industry averages, the chance that they could be improved soon by company’s profitability is very big given its higher than industry average ROE for the last three years. The activity ratios in terms of inventory turnover and receivable turnover in 2007 are higher than industry average which could only support for the company’s very high profitability.

What Are the Causes of the Vietnam War

The Causes, Events, and Aftermath of the Vietnam War. Digital History. â€Å"The Vietnam War. † Digital History. 30 Sept. 2010. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. . The Vietnam War started as a disagreement between communist North Vietnam and anti-communist South Vietnam. Before this disagreement was a war between Vietnam and the French. Vietnam received 2. 6 billion dollars in financial support from the United States between 1945 and 1954. Nixon, who was President of the United States at the time, sent in troops to attempt to slow the process of sending troops and supplies from North Vietnam to South Vietnam.If I was a Vietnamese person living in Vietnam at the time I would think this would be an act of injustice by trying to make it an unfair war by removing the supply flow making them starve to death or get surrounded with no weapons. Also I feel that it was unjust of the Vietnamese to accept money from the United States then go to war with us after we provided them with financial support of the French. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Ed. John Whiteclay Chambers II. New York: Oxford UP, 1999. Copyright  © 1999 by Oxford UP.President John F. Kennedy secretly sent 400 troops to South Vietnamese to fight what was called the counterinsurgency war. I believe this was a move of injustice due to the face that Kennedy did not tell the people of the United States they were going to help support a war over seas. After Kennedy was assassinated in 1961, more than 16,000 military troops in South Vietnamese and more than 100 troops had been killed. I feel Kennedy’s assassinated was also an act of injustice and I feel that it was also a major cause of us going into the war even more.Four years later in March of the year 1965, President Johnson sustained bombing of targets north of the 17th parallel. Then on March 8th, he dispatched 3,500 Marines to South Vietnam. After he dispatched them, the United States was now at war, Declaration or not. I feel this could also be an act of injustice because the people did not have any say in this war and now people were going to be drafted to it. PBS. â€Å"Battlefield:Vietnam | Timeline. † PBS. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. . On May 7, 1954 the Vietnamese forces captured the French command post of Dien Bien Phu.The French commander then gave the order to seize fire. The battle lasted 55 days and more than 3,000 French troops died and 8,000 were wounded. Viet Minh got the worse of it though. They lost over 8,000 people and over 12,000 wounded. I feel this is injustice because is it really worth it to loose more men than the other side just to capture a fort? In the late 1961’s [pic]President John F. Kennedy orders more help for the South Vietnamese government in its war against the Vietcong.The U. S. backings included more than 3,000 troops and new equipment. On November 4th 1961, two days before the presidential election, the Vietcong dropped mortar shells onto Bien Hoa Air Base killing 4 soldiers, and 76 wounded along with five B-57 bombers destroyed. I feel that this was injustice because while all of us are busy voting for the new President the Vietcong got us by surprise. â€Å"Vietnam War. † The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia. com. 6 Oct. 2010 .In part, the war was a legacy of France's colonial rule, which ended in 1954 with the French army's catastrophic defeat at Dienbienphu and the acceptance of the Geneva Conference agreements. Elections scheduled for 1956 in South Vietnam for the reunification of Vietnam were canceled by President Ngo Dinh Diem. I believe this action of cancelling the election after the French defeat and even after accepting the Geneva Conference agreements. Although his action was denounced by Ho Chi Minh, I still feel this was injustice toward the people of Vietnam.Diem’s government faced increasingly opposition of the Viet Cong who were insurgents aided by North Vietnam. Another act of injustice n ear the end of the war was the massacre at My Lai. This was a massacre of many Vietnamese UNARMED citizens by UNITED STATES soldiers. In the course of the operation about 347 citizens were shot to death. To me, this incident going unknown until autumn of 1969 even though the event took place on March 16, 1968, is almost just as bad as it happening itself. â€Å"Vietnam War. † International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A.Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 8. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 612-617. Gale World History in Context. Web. 4 Oct. 2010. In 1946, U. S. president Franklin Roosevelt had written to the British ambassador that he believed â€Å"Indochina should not go back to the French, but that it should be administered by international trusteeship. † I think this is a bit of injustice to the French because the United States should not have intervened in the first place and let every other country do what we want rather than us coming in and try ing to make it better for them.In reality though the only thing we are trying to do is make money for ourselves or make it better for us. Eventually the United States sided with South Vietnam because the United States where afraid of communism and that’s what North Vietnam wanted. Why we got involved in this blows my mind because we don’t live there, we won’t be affected by this so why do we care if the people in Vietnam want communism or not. This is how the causes of the Vietnam War resulted in Injustice. Wikipedia. â€Å"Vietnam War. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 03 Oct. 2010. Web. 04 Oct. 010. . In the post-war era, the United States struggled to learn the lessons of military intervention. The casualties of the Vietnam side were 1. 1 million dead and 600,000 soldiers wounded. Civilian deaths by Operation Rolling Thunder were between 52,000 and 182,000. I feel this injustice of killing a possible 100,000 Vietnamese women and children is just comp letely outrageous. After the war in Vietnam Chemical affected the Vietnamese people by causing a poisoning in the food chain, a change in the landscape, and it also caused birth defects and many diseases.As of 2006, the Vietnamese government had estimated that 4,000,000 victims of dioxin poisoning in Vietnam. Also, between 1961 and 1967, the U. S. Air Force sprayed 20 million gallons of concentrated herbicides over 6 million acres of crops and trees, affecting an estimated 13% of South Vietnam's land. Now killing the women and children during the bombing was bad enough. Now they started poisoning food and tried to get them into RVN-controlled areas. I feel this is injustice because of all the unneeded deaths of civilian causalities. What Are the Causes of the Vietnam War The Causes, Events, and Aftermath of the Vietnam War. Digital History. â€Å"The Vietnam War. † Digital History. 30 Sept. 2010. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. . The Vietnam War started as a disagreement between communist North Vietnam and anti-communist South Vietnam. Before this disagreement was a war between Vietnam and the French. Vietnam received 2. 6 billion dollars in financial support from the United States between 1945 and 1954. Nixon, who was President of the United States at the time, sent in troops to attempt to slow the process of sending troops and supplies from North Vietnam to South Vietnam.If I was a Vietnamese person living in Vietnam at the time I would think this would be an act of injustice by trying to make it an unfair war by removing the supply flow making them starve to death or get surrounded with no weapons. Also I feel that it was unjust of the Vietnamese to accept money from the United States then go to war with us after we provided them with financial support of the French. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Ed. John Whiteclay Chambers II. New York: Oxford UP, 1999. Copyright  © 1999 by Oxford UP.President John F. Kennedy secretly sent 400 troops to South Vietnamese to fight what was called the counterinsurgency war. I believe this was a move of injustice due to the face that Kennedy did not tell the people of the United States they were going to help support a war over seas. After Kennedy was assassinated in 1961, more than 16,000 military troops in South Vietnamese and more than 100 troops had been killed. I feel Kennedy’s assassinated was also an act of injustice and I feel that it was also a major cause of us going into the war even more.Four years later in March of the year 1965, President Johnson sustained bombing of targets north of the 17th parallel. Then on March 8th, he dispatched 3,500 Marines to South Vietnam. After he dispatched them, the United States was now at war, Declaration or not. I feel this could also be an act of injustice because the people did not have any say in this war and now people were going to be drafted to it. PBS. â€Å"Battlefield:Vietnam | Timeline. † PBS. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. . On May 7, 1954 the Vietnamese forces captured the French command post of Dien Bien Phu.The French commander then gave the order to seize fire. The battle lasted 55 days and more than 3,000 French troops died and 8,000 were wounded. Viet Minh got the worse of it though. They lost over 8,000 people and over 12,000 wounded. I feel this is injustice because is it really worth it to loose more men than the other side just to capture a fort? In the late 1961’s [pic]President John F. Kennedy orders more help for the South Vietnamese government in its war against the Vietcong.The U. S. backings included more than 3,000 troops and new equipment. On November 4th 1961, two days before the presidential election, the Vietcong dropped mortar shells onto Bien Hoa Air Base killing 4 soldiers, and 76 wounded along with five B-57 bombers destroyed. I feel that this was injustice because while all of us are busy voting for the new President the Vietcong got us by surprise. â€Å"Vietnam War. † The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia. com. 6 Oct. 2010 .In part, the war was a legacy of France's colonial rule, which ended in 1954 with the French army's catastrophic defeat at Dienbienphu and the acceptance of the Geneva Conference agreements. Elections scheduled for 1956 in South Vietnam for the reunification of Vietnam were canceled by President Ngo Dinh Diem. I believe this action of cancelling the election after the French defeat and even after accepting the Geneva Conference agreements. Although his action was denounced by Ho Chi Minh, I still feel this was injustice toward the people of Vietnam.Diem’s government faced increasingly opposition of the Viet Cong who were insurgents aided by North Vietnam. Another act of injustice n ear the end of the war was the massacre at My Lai. This was a massacre of many Vietnamese UNARMED citizens by UNITED STATES soldiers. In the course of the operation about 347 citizens were shot to death. To me, this incident going unknown until autumn of 1969 even though the event took place on March 16, 1968, is almost just as bad as it happening itself. â€Å"Vietnam War. † International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A.Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 8. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 612-617. Gale World History in Context. Web. 4 Oct. 2010. In 1946, U. S. president Franklin Roosevelt had written to the British ambassador that he believed â€Å"Indochina should not go back to the French, but that it should be administered by international trusteeship. † I think this is a bit of injustice to the French because the United States should not have intervened in the first place and let every other country do what we want rather than us coming in and try ing to make it better for them.In reality though the only thing we are trying to do is make money for ourselves or make it better for us. Eventually the United States sided with South Vietnam because the United States where afraid of communism and that’s what North Vietnam wanted. Why we got involved in this blows my mind because we don’t live there, we won’t be affected by this so why do we care if the people in Vietnam want communism or not. This is how the causes of the Vietnam War resulted in Injustice. Wikipedia. â€Å"Vietnam War. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 03 Oct. 2010. Web. 04 Oct. 010. . In the post-war era, the United States struggled to learn the lessons of military intervention. The casualties of the Vietnam side were 1. 1 million dead and 600,000 soldiers wounded. Civilian deaths by Operation Rolling Thunder were between 52,000 and 182,000. I feel this injustice of killing a possible 100,000 Vietnamese women and children is just comp letely outrageous. After the war in Vietnam Chemical affected the Vietnamese people by causing a poisoning in the food chain, a change in the landscape, and it also caused birth defects and many diseases.As of 2006, the Vietnamese government had estimated that 4,000,000 victims of dioxin poisoning in Vietnam. Also, between 1961 and 1967, the U. S. Air Force sprayed 20 million gallons of concentrated herbicides over 6 million acres of crops and trees, affecting an estimated 13% of South Vietnam's land. Now killing the women and children during the bombing was bad enough. Now they started poisoning food and tried to get them into RVN-controlled areas. I feel this is injustice because of all the unneeded deaths of civilian causalities.

Neo-Impressionism and the Artists Behind the Movement

Neo-Impressionism and the Artists Behind the Movement Neo-Impressionism has the distinction of being both a movement and a style. Also known as Divisionism or Pointillism, Neo-Impression emerged in the late 1800s in France. It belongs to the subdivision of the larger avant-garde movement called Post-Impressionism. â€Å"Whereas the Impressionist painters spontaneously recorded nature in terms of the fugitive effects of color and light, the Neo-Impressionists applied scientific optical principles of light and color to create strictly formalized compositions,† according to Brittanica.com. What makes Neo-Impressionism stand out? Artists who employ the style apply separate colors to the canvas so that the eye of the viewer blends the colors together rather than the artists on their palettes. According to the theory of chromatic integration, these independent tiny touches of color can be mixed optically to achieve better color quality. A glow radiates from the minuscule dots, all the same size, that are packed together to create a specific hue on the Neo-Impressionist canvas. The painted surfaces are especially luminescent. When did  Neo-Impressionism Begin? The French artist Georges Seurat introduced Neo-Impressionism. His 1883 painting Bathers at Asnieres features the style. Seurat studied color theory publications produced by Charles Blanc, Michel Eugà ¨ne Chevreul and Ogden Rood. He also formulated a precise application of painted dots that would mix optically for maximum brilliance. He called this system Chromoluminarism. The Belgium art critic Fà ©lix Fà ©nà ©on described Seurats systematic application of paint in his review of the Eighth Impressionist Exhibition in La Vogue in June 1886. He expanded the contents of this article in his book Les Impressionistes en 1886, and from that little book his word nà ©o-impressionisme took off as a name for Seurat and his followers. How Long Was Neo-Impressionism a Movement? The Neo-Impressionist Movement spanned from 1884 to1935. That year marked the death of Paul Signac, a champion and spokesman of the movement, heavily influenced by Seurat. Seurat died in 1891 at the young age of 31 after likely developing meningitis and a number of other illnesses. Other proponents of Neo-Impressionism include the artists Camille Pissarro, Henry Edmond Cross, George Lemmen, Thà ©o van Rysselberghe, Jan Toorop, Maximilen Luce and Albert Dubois-Pillet. At the beginning of the movement, Neo-Impressionist followers founded the Socià ©tà © des Artistes Indà ©pendants. Although Neo-Impressionism’s popularity waned in the early 20th  century, it influenced the techniques of artists such as Vincent van Gogh and Henry Matisse. What Are the Key Characteristic of Neo-Impressionism? The key traits of Neo-Impressionism include tiny dots of local color and clean, clear contours around the forms. The style also features luminescent surfaces, a stylized deliberateness that emphasizes a decorative design and an artificial lifelessness in the figures and landscapes. Neo-Impressionists painted in the studio, instead of outdoors as the Impressionists had. The style focuses on contemporary life and landscapes and is carefully ordered rather than spontaneous in technique and intention Best Known Artists of the  Neo-Impressionism Movement Well known artists include: Georges SeuratPaul SignacCamille PissarroHenry Edmond CrossGeorge LemmenThà ©o van RysselbergheJan TooropMaximilen LuceAlbert Dubois-Pillet